Usb passthru driver ( multi-instance ) driver. 23

Atomic mass

50.9414 g.mol ^-1

Electronegativity according to Pauling

1.6

Density

6.1 g.cm^-3 at 20°C

Melting point

1910 °C

Boiling point

3407 °C

Vanderwaals radius

0.134 nm

Ionic radius

0.074 nm (+3) ; 0.059 (+5)

Isotopes

5

Electronic shell

[ Ar ] 3d³ 4s²

Energy of first ionisation

649.1 kJ.mol ^-1

Energy of second ionisation

1414 kJ.mol ^-1

Energy of third ionisation

2830 kJ.mol ^-1

Energy of fourth ionisation

4652 kJ.mol ^-1

Discovered by

Nils Sefstrom in 1830

Vanadium compounds are not regarded as serious hazard, however, workers exposed to vanadium peroxide dust were found to suffer severe eye, nose and throat irritation.

The uptake of vanadium by humans mainly takes place through foodstuffs, such as buckwheat, soya beans, olive oil, sunflower oil, apples and eggs.
Vanadium can have a number of effects on human health, when the uptake is too high. When vanadium uptake takes places through air it can cause bronchitis and pneumonia.
The acute effects of vanadium are irritation of lungs, throat, eyes and nasal cavities.
Other health effects of vanadium uptake are:
- Cardiac and vascular disease
- Inflammation of stomach and intestines
- Damage to the nervous system
- Bleeding of livers and kidneys
- Skin rashes
- Severe trembling and paralyses
- Nose bleeds and throat pains
- Weakening
- Sickness and headaches
- Dizziness
- Behavioural changes

The health hazards associated with exposure to vanadium are dependent on its oxidation state. This product contains elemental vanadium. Elemental vanadium could be oxidized to vanadium pentoxide during welding. The pentoxide form is more toxic than the elemental form. Chronic exposure to vanadium pentoxide dust and fumes may cause severe irritation of the eyes, skin, upper respiratory tract, persistent inflammations of the trachea and bronchi, pulmonary edema, and systemic poisoning. Signs and symptoms of overexposure include; conjunctivitis, nasopharyngitis, cough, labored breathing, rapid heart beat, lung changes, chronic bronchitis, skin pallor, greenish-black tongue and an allergic skin rash.

Vanadium can be found in the environment in algae, plants, invertebrates, fishes and many other species. In mussels and crabs vanadium strongly bioaccumulates, which can lead to concentrations of about 10⁵ to 10⁶ times greater than the concentrations that are found in seawater.

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Vanadium causes the inhibition of certain enzymes with animals, which has several neurological effects. Next to the neurological effects vanadium can cause breathing disorders, paralyses and negative effects on the liver and kidneys.

Laboratory tests with test animals have shown, that vanadium can cause harm to the reproductive system of male animals, and that it accumulates in the female placenta.

Vanadium can cause DNA alteration in some cases, but it cannot cause cancer with animals.